Prof. Tharaka Dassanayake
Professor in Neurophysiology / Head of the Department
 
Full-text Research Publications in Peer-Reviewed Journals
  1. Dassanayake TL, Baminiwatta A, Ariyasinghe DI. Demographically-adjusted normative data for Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) among Sri Lankan adults. Sri Lanka Journal of Psychiatry. 2021;12:18-24. http://doi.org/10.4038/sljpsyc.v12i1.8284 . [Full text]

  2. Dahanayake P, Dassanayake TL, Pathirage M, Senanayake S, Sedgwick M, Weerasinghe V. Detection of early diabetic retinopathy using visual electrophysiological tests. International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13410-020-00916-2

  3. Dahanayake P, Dassanayake TL, Pathirage M, Colombage A, Gawarammana IB, Senanayake S, et al. Dysfunction in macula, retinal pigment epithelium and post retinal pathway in acute organophosphorus poisoning. Clinical Toxicology. 2021;59:111-117. https://doi.org/10.1080/15563650.2020.1771359

  4. Dassanayake TL, Weerasinghe VS, Gawarammana I, Buckley NA. Subacute and chronic neuropsychological sequalae of acute organophosphate pesticide self-poisoning: a prospective cohort study from Sri Lanka. Clinical Toxicology. 2021;59:118-30. https://doi.org/10.1080/15563650.2020.1778719

  5. Dassanayake TL, Hewawasam C, Baminiwatta A, Samarasekara N, & Ariyasinghe DI. (2020). Sex-, age- and education-adjusted norms for the WHO/UCLA version of the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test for Sinhala-speaking Sri Lankan adults. The Clinical Neuropsychologist. 2020;34:127-142. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2020.1829069

  6. Dassanayake TL, Kahathuduwa CN, Weerasinghe VS. L-theanine improves neurophysiological measures of attention in a dose-dependent manner: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Nutritional Neuroscience. 2020:1-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/1028415X.2020.1804098

  7. Kahathuduwa CN, Wakefield S, West BD, Blume J, Dassanayake TL, Weerasinghe VS, Mastergeorge, A. Effects of l-theanine–caffeine combination on sustained attention and inhibitory control among children with ADHD: a proof-of-concept neuroimaging RCT. Scientific Reports. 2020;10:13072. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-70037-7

  8. Dahanayake P, Dassanayake TL, Pathirage M, Senanayake S, Sedgwick M, Weerasinghe V. Electro-oculography in bilateral optic neuropathy. BMC Research Notes. 2020;13:287.

  9. Alahakoon C, Dassanayake TL, Gawarammana IB, Weerasinghe VS, Buckley NA. Differences between organophosphates in respiratory failure and lethality with poisoning post the 2011 bans in Sri Lanka. Clinical Toxicology. 2020;58:466-70.  https://doi.org/10.1080/15563650.2019.1660782

  10. Dassanayake TL, Ariyasinghe DI. Sex-, age- and education-adjusted norms for Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery for Literate Sri Lankan Adults. The Clinical Neuropsychologist. 2019;33:106-124. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2019.1662090

  11. Alahakoon C, Dassanayake TL, Gawarammana IB, Sedgwick EM, Weerasinghe VS, Abdalla A, et al. Prediction of organophosphorus insecticide-induced intermediate syndrome with stimulated concentric needle single fibre electromyography. PLOS ONE. 2018;13:e0203596. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203596

  12. Antonypillai, CN, Jayawardena, WCK, Samarakkody, IG, Dahanayake, S, Monaragala, L, Wijerathne, DLN and Dassanayake, TL. Changes in Alanine transaminase levels in response to statins: Sri Lankan experience in patient with type 2 Diabetes mellitus with Dyslipidemia. Sri Lanka Journal of Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism 2018; 8 (1): 3-7. DOI: http://doi.org/10.4038/sjdem.v8i1.7345

  13. Alahakoon C, Dassanayake TL, Gawarammana IB, Weerasinghe VS. Can we predict intermediate syndrome? A review. NeuroToxicology. 2018;69:209-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2017.12.002 [Pubmed ]

  14. Kahathuduwa CN, Dhanasekara CS, Chin SH, Davis T, Weerasinghe VS, Dassanayake TL, Binks M. L-theanine and caffeine improve target-specific attention to visual stimuli by decreasing mind wandering: A human functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Nutrition Research. 2018; 49: 67-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2017.11.002 [PubMed]

  15. Kahathuduwa CN, Dassanayake TL, Amarakoon AMT, Weerasinghe VS. Acute effects of theanine, caffeine and theanine-caffeine combination on attention. Nutritional Neurosciences 2017; 20: 369-77. https://doi.org/10.1080/1028415X.2016.1144845 [Pubmed]

  16. Dassanayake TL. Cognitive toxicity: from pesticides to pharmaceuticals. Sri Lanka Journal of Medicine. 2017; 26 (1): 25-41. [full text]

  17. Amaratunga HA, Adikari SB, Dassanayake TL, Gamage J, Suraweera HJ. Relationship between the goniometric alignment and articular cartilage damage in knee osteoarthritis. Ceylon Med J. 2017; 62: 167-74. [Full text]

  18. Dassanayake TL, Michie PT, Fulham R. Effect of temporal predictability on exogenous attentional modulation of feedforward processing in the striate cortex. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 2016; 105:9-16. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.04.007. [Pubmed]

  19. Oxley SO, Dassanayake TL, Carter GL, Whyte I, Jones AL, Cooper G, Michie PT. Neurocognitive Recovery After Hospital-Treated Deliberate Self-Poisoning With Central Nervous System Depressant Drugs: A Longitudinal Cohort Study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2015; 35(6):672-80. [Pubmed]

  20. Kahathuduwa CN, Weerasinghe VS, Dassanayake TL, Priyadarshana R, Dissanayake AL, Perera C. Task-specific kinetic finger tremor affects the performance of carrom players. J Sports Sci. 2015: 34(10):923-8. [Pubmed]

  21. Ariyasinghe D, Abeysinghe R, Siriwardhana P, Dassanayake T. Prevalence of major depressive disorder among spouses of men who use alcohol in a rural community in Sri Lanka. Alcohol and Alcoholism. 2015, 50(3):328-32. doi: 10.1093/alcalc/agu105 [Pubmed]

  22. Amaratunga HA, Adhikari SB, Dassanayake TL, Chandrasekara M, Suraweera HJ. Goniometric alignment of the normal knee joint and the factors which affect it. Ceylon Medical Journal. 2014, 59(2): 45-8. [Pubmed] [Full text]

  23. Dassanayake TL, Michie PT, Jones AL, Carter GL, Mallard T, Whyte IM. Cognitive skills underlying driving in patients discharged following self-poisoning with central nervous system depressant drugs. Traffic Injury Prevention. 2012, 13: 450-7 [Pubmed]

  24. Dassanayake TL, Michie PT, Jones AL, Carter GL, Mallard T, Whyte IM. Cognitive impairment in patients clinically recovered from central nervous system depressant drug overdose. Journal Clinical Psychopharmacology 2012, 32(4): 503-10. [Pubmed]

  25. Dassanayake TL, Jones AL, Michie PT, Carter GL, McElduff P, Stokes BJ, Whyte IM. Risk of Road Traffic Accidents in Patients Discharged Following Treatment for Psychotropic Drug Overdose: a Self-Controlled Case Series Study in Australia. CNS Drugs 2012, 26(3): 269-76. 10.2165/11599790-000000000-00000. [Pubmed]

  26. Dassanayake TL, Michie P, Carter G, Jones A. Effects of benzodiazepines, Antidepressants and opioids on driving: a systematic review of epidemiological and experimental evidence. Drug Safety 2011, 34 (2): 125-156. doi: 10.2165/11539050-000000000-00000 [Pubmed]

  27. Dassanayake T, Gawarammana IB, Weerasinghe VS, Dissanayake S, Pragaash S, Dawson A, Senanayake N. Auditory event-related potential changes in chronic occupational exposure to organophosphate pesticides. Clinical Neurophysiology 2009, 120: 1693-1698. [Pubmed]

  28. Dassanayake T, Weerasinghe VS, Dangahadeniya U, Kularatne K, Dawson A, Karalliedde L, Senanayake N. Long-term Event-Related Potential Changes following Organophosphorus Insecticide Poisoning. Clinical Neurophysiology 2008, 119: 144-150. [Pubmed]

  29. Dassanayake T, Weerasinghe VS, Dangahadeniya U, Kularatne K, Dawson A, Karalliedde L, Senanayake N. Cognitive processing of visual stimuli in patients with organophosphate insecticide poisoning. Neurology 2007; 68(23): 2027-2030. [Pubmed]
 
Research Conference Presentations / Published Abstracts
International:
  1. Dassanayake TL, Weerasinghe VS, Gawarammana IB, Buckley N. Auditory event-related potential changes over 6 months following acute organophosphate pesticide poisoning: a follow-up study. British Society for Clinical Neurophysiology Summer 2021 Meeting. July 2021.

  2. Dassanayake TL, Weerasinghe VS, Gawarammana IB, Buckley N. Auditory event-related potential changes over 6 months following acute organophosphate insecticide poisoning: a follow-up study. 7th Asian Oceanian Congress on Clinical Neurophysiology, Kuala Lumpur, Jan 2021. Clinical Neurophysiology 132(8); e75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2021.02.152

  3. Weerasinghe V, Dahanayake P, Sapurugala C, Weerasinghe N, Shiroma RGL, Dassanayake T. P-MD014. Long term repeated use of botulinum toxin injection for hemifacial spasms in sri lanka. 7th Asian Oceanian Congress on Clinical Neurophysiology, Kuala Lumpur, Jan 2021. Clinical Neurophysiology. 2021;132:e100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2021.02.233

  4. Sedgewick ME, Dahanayaka P, Dassanayake TL, Senanayake S, Weerasinghe VS. The Corneo-Fundal Potential in Bilateral Optic Neuritis. Spring British Clinical Neurophysiology Society Meeting, Liverpool. May 2019

  5. Weerasinghe VS, Wijayasiri M, Weerasinghe NT, Dahanayake P, Shiroma RGL, Dassanayake T, et al. S38. Boston questionnaire and neurophysiological findings in carpal tunnel syndrome in Sri Lanka. Clinical Neurophysiology. 2018;129:e156. (presented at 31st International Congress of Clinical Neurophysiology of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology; Washington, DC. May 2018)

  6. Alahakoon AAC, Dassanayake TL, Gawarammana IB, Sedgewick M, Weerasinghe VS. Single fibre electromyography as a predictor of intermediate syndrome. 16th Annual Congress of the Asia Pacific Association of Medical Toxicology. 2017. Kandy. Book of abstracts p. 93.

  7. Alahakoon C, Sedgwick ME, Buckley N, Dassanayae TL. Stimulated jitter electromyography in orbicularis oculi muscle in organophosphate insecticide poisoned patients. British Clinical Neurophysiology Society Summer Meeting. Sheffield. July 2017.

  8. Alahakoon AAC, Dassanayake TL, Gawarammana IB, Weerasinghe VS. Revisiting respiratory failure in acute organophosphorus insecticide self- poisoning in Sri Lanka. 16th Annual Congress of the Asia Pacific Association of Medical Toxicology. 2017. Kandy. Book of abstracts p. 81

  9. Ariyasinghe DI, Shiroma RGL, Kulatunga S, Dassanayake TL. Normative data for Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) for Sri Lankans: changes of cognitive functions from adolescence to late adulthood. World Psychiatric Association Regional Congress 8-12th October 2017. Berlin.

  10. Dassanayake TL, Weerasinghe VS, Gawarammana IB, Buckley N. Changes of P300 event related potential in organophosphate pesticide poisoning. August 2017. Amsterdam.

  11. Alahakoon AAC, Dassanayake TL, Sedgwick EM, Buckley N A, Weerasinge VS. Stimulated single fiber electromyography in orbicularis oculi muscle in organophosphate insecticide poisoned patients. British Society for Clinical Neurophysiology 2016.

  12. Dahanayake DWP, Dassanayake TL, Weerasinghe VS, Senanayake N. Long term follow up study of at-risk children for developing sensorineural hearing defects using brain stem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP). 8th Congress of the Federation of the Asian and Oceanian Physiological Societies (FAOPS) 2015. (Published in The Journal of Physiological Sciences 65: S-A84).

  13. Weerasinghe V, Kahathuduwa C, Amarakoon T, Dassanayake T. Synergistic effect of theanine and caffeine on visual reaction time, evoked potentials and cognitive event related potentials. 2015 Annual Meeting of the American Clinical Neurophysiology Society (Published in Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology 32 (4), 396, 10.1097/WNP.0000000000000175)

  14. Kahathuduwa C, Weerasinghe V, Dassanayake T, Amarakoon T, Binks M. High Doses of Theanine Improve Visual Stimulus Discrimination in a Dose-dependent Manner. The FASEB Journal. 2016;30:1284.3.

  15. Ariyasinghe DI, Abeysinghe DRR, Dassanayake TL. Depression among women who are spouses of men with alcohol-related problems in rural Sri Lanka. World Psychiatric Association Regional Congress 2014 (Published in East Asian Archives of Psychiatry 2014 Vol 24 No.4 supplement p.68)

  16. Tharaka Dassanayake, Vajira Weerasinghe, Indika Gawarammana, Kamal Naser, Nicholas Buckley. Neurophysiological markers of Cognitive Impairment in Organophosphate and Carbamate Insecticide Poisoning: Preliminary Findings. 4th Biennial Conference of South Asian Association of Physiologists (SAAP-3) 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh

  17. Cognitive Functions: Principles, Assessment Techniques and Implications. 4th Biennial Conference of South Asian Association of Physiologists (SAAP-3) 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh

  18. Weerasinghe V, Sedgwick M, Dassanayake T, Gawarammana I, Senanayake N, Naser K, Buckley N, Dawson A. Stimulated single fibre electromyography using concentric needle electrode in organophosphate insecticide poisoning in Sri Lanka. 30th International Congress of Clinical Neurophysiology 2014, Book of Abstracts, 565.

  19. Wadugodapitiya SI, Weerasinghe VS, Dassanayake TL. Assessment of functional motor disability in children with Cerebral Palsy: Neuroaxis 2013, Abstract book, 59

  20. Use of Event-related potentials in the study of sub-clinical cognitive effects of organophosphates. 3rd Biennial Conference of South Asian Association of Physiologists (SAAP-3) 2012, Colombo, Sri Lanka

  21. Neurophysiological evidence of attentional modulation of visual processing in striate cortex. 3rd Biennial Conference of South Asian Association of Physiologists (SAAP-3) 2012, Colombo, Sri Lanka

  22. Dahanayake P et al. Assessment of hearing using brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) in infants who had prolonged neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) stay in Sri Lanka. 3rd Biennial Conference of South Asian Association of Physiologists (SAAP-3) 2012, Colombo, Sri Lanka

  23. Wadugodapitiya S. et al. Outcome of functional motor disability in ankle dorsiflexion in children with cerebral palsy following low-dose botulinum toxin A injection. 3rd Biennial Conference of South Asian Association of Physiologists (SAAP-3) 2012, Colombo, Sri Lanka, Abstract Book, p. 105

  24. Role of temporal expectancy in attentional modulation of visual processing in striate and extrastriate cortex. 2011 Australasian Cognitive Neuroscience Conference. 9-12 Decmber 2011, Sydney (Published in Clinical EEG and Neuroscience 2012, 43(3): 228)

  25. Cognitive impairment in patients discharged following CNS-depressant drug overdose, and its implications in driving. Australasian Society of Psychiatric Research Conference. 5-8 December 2011, Dunedin, New Zealand

  26. Dassanayake TL, Michie PT and Fulham R (2011). Exogenous visuospatial attention facilitates early extrastriate processing but not striate cortical processing of high-perceptual-load stimuli when the cues do not consistently predict target onset. Conference Abstract: XI International Conference on Cognitive Neuroscience (ICON XI). September 2011, Palma Mallorca, Spain Published in Front. Hum. Neurosci. doi: 10.3389/conf.fnhum.2011.207.00326.

  27. Effect of exogenous attention on early visual processing: An event-related potential study of facilitation and inhibition phases of exogenous attention. Australasian Cognitive Neurosciences Conference. 26-29 November 2010, Melbourne, Australia

  28. Incomplete recovery of cognitive functions at discharge in patients with CNS depressant drug overdose. North American Congress of Clinical Toxicology. 7-12 October 2010. Denver, Colorado USA. Published in Clinical Toxicology 2010, 48(6): 636.

  29. Cognitive functions in Patients with sedative psychotropic drug overdose. Annual Conference of Australasian Society for Psychiatric Research. 2-4 December 2009. Canberra, Australia.

  30. Auditory Event-Related Potential Changes in Chronic Low-Level Exposure to Organophosphate Pesticides. 18th Australasian Psychophysiology Conference. 27-29 November 2008. Hobart, Australia (Published in Clinical EEG and Neuroscience 2009, 40(3): 224.

  31. Long-lasting effects of acute organophosphorus insecticide poisoning on cognitive processing of visual information. 6th International Congress of Asia-Pacific Association of Medical Toxicology. 12-14 December 2007. Bangkok, Thailand. Published in Journal of Medical Toxicology 2008, 4(3), 209.

  32. Cognitive processing of visual and auditory stimuli in patients with organophosphate insecticide poisoning. 5th International Congress of Asia-Pacific Association of Medical Toxicology. 6-8 August2006. Colombo, Sri Lanka

  33. Effects of organophosphate pesticide poisoning on time-course of cognitive processing. XXVI International Congress of European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists. 19-22 April 2006. Prague, Czech Republic. Published in Clinical Toxicology 2006; 44 (4): 429-430.

  34. Dassanayake T, Gawarammana I, Weerasinghe V, Dissanayake S, Pragaash S, Dawson A, Senanayake N. Cognitive Impairment in Chronic Occupational Exposure to Organophosphates: Psychophysiological Evidence. Clinical Toxicology 2008, 47(6): 631.
Local:
  1. Karunaratne YMUW, Karunaratne SMDT, Karunaratne KISN, Karunasena PDKG, Karunathilake MGCW, Karunyan N, Kasuni DAKS, Kaushalya KKGH, Kiriwandala RS, Kodikara KKKSMA, Kaflay H, Dassanayake TL. Effect of l-theanine on selective attention in a traffic-related reaction task in sleep-deprived young adults: a double-blind placebo-controlled, crossover study. Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Academic Sessions of Kandy Society of Medicine. April 2021. p73.

  2. Liyanage LNP, Ariyasinghe DI, Dassanayake TL, a comparison of letter fluency and category fluency between dementia patients and healthy elderly individuals. Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Academic Sessions of Kandy Society of Medicine. April 2021. p89.

  3. Jayasinghe JMYK, Katugaha BHMRH, Karunarathne IPNL, Jayasinghe RMGLD, Jayathissa DTA, Kalotuwawa NR, Kalpana R, Kaluarachchi KKNT, Kaushalya HWTS, Sonam K, Dassanayake TL. The association of internet addiction with reward-seeking behaviour and sustained attention in medical undergraduates. Proceedings of Annual Research Sessions of Kandy Society of Medicine. February 2020, p23.

  4. Baminiwatta AKAB, Ariyasinghe DI, Hewawasam C, Dassanayake TL. Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT): Age-, Sex- And Education-Adjusted Sri Lankan Norms. Proceedings of Annual Research Sessions of Kandy Society of Medicine. February 2020, p24.

  5. Hewawasam C, Wickramasinghe A, Caldera M, Dassanayake TL. Are siblings of dementia patients poor in cognitive performance? Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Physiological Society of Sri Lanka. 2019.

  6. Hewawasam C, Wickramasinghe A. Dassanayake TL. Cognitive functions in siblings of patients with dementia. 16th Annual Academic Sessions of the Sri Lanka College of Psychiatrists. June 2019.

  7. Wijesundara DA, Kahathuduwa CN, Amarakoon AMT, Weerasinghe VS, Dassanayake TL. The dose-response effect of theanine on cognition. Proceedings of Association of Sri Lankan Neurologists Annual Sessions. November 2018.

  8. Dassanayke TL. Assessment of Cognitive Functions: Implications in Health and Disease in Old Age. Proceedings of the Foundation Sessions 2018. Kandy Society of Medicine. August 2018. p11.

  9. Wijesundara DA, Kahathuduwa CN, Amarakoon AMT, Weerasinghe VS, Dassanayake TL. Dose-response effect of theanine on Cognition. Proceedings of Annual Research Sessions of Kandy Society of Medicine. February 2018

  10. Samarakoon SMAB, Dassanayake T. Effect of anthropometric determinants on explosive power among high performing and novice badminton players. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Physiological Society of Sri Lanka. 2017. p. 54.

  11. Alahakoon AAC , Dassanayake TL, Sedgwick EM, GawarammanaIB, Weerasinge VS Stimulated single fiber electromyography in orbicularis oculi muscle in carbamate insecticide poisoned patients: a preliminary study. Proceedings of the Peradeniya University Research Sessions. 2016. 20: 216.

  12. Dassanayake TL, Weerasinghe VS, Gawarammana IB, Buckley N. Subacute neurocognitive impairment in organophosphate and carbamate insecticide poisoning. Proceedings of the Peradeniya University Research Sessions. 2016. 20: 107.

  13. Jayawardena WCK, Samarakkody IG, Dahanayake S, Monaragala L, Wijerathne DLN, Dassanayake TL and Antonypillai CN. Changes in alanine transaminase levels in response to statins: Sri Lankan experience in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with dyslipideamia. Proceedings of Annual Research Sessions of Kandy Society of Medicine 2016.

  14. Kahathuduwa CN, Weerasinghe VS, Amarakoon T, Dassanayake TL, Higgoda R, Uragoda B. Improvement of recognition reaction time with high doses of theanine: a preliminary study. Physiological Society of Sri Lanka - Annual Academic Sessions. 2013. Book of Abstracts.

  15. Sapurugala C, Dinaratne A, Ariysinghe D, Dassanayake T. Association between neurobehavioural markers of error-processing and impulsiveness. Physiological Society of Sri Lanka - Annual Academic Sessions. 2014. Book of Abstracts. p.14

  16. Dissanayaka T.D. et al. Immediate effectiveness of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (tens) in treating trigger points of the upper trapezius in myofascial pain syndrome: a preliminary study. Proceedings of the Peradeniya University Research Sessions. July 2013. 17: 110.

  17. Increased risk of road traffic accidents in patients discharged following treatment for psychotropic drug overdose. Priority Research Centre for Brain and Mental Health Fourth Annual Postgraduate and Postdoctoral Conference. 30 November 2011, Newcastle

  18. Cognitive function in patients with sedative psychotropic drug overdose. Centre for Brian and Mental Health Research Postgraduate and Postdoctoral Conference. October 2009, University of Newcastle, Australia

  19. Cognitive impairment in patients with sedative psychotropic drug overdose. Faculty Honours and Research EXPO. The University of Newcastle. Australia. 17 Sept 2009

  20. A study on visual reaction time of male badminton and table tennis players, and the effect of warm-up on reaction time. Proceedings of the Peradeniya University Research Sessions. Oct 2003. 8: 123

  21. Cognitive processing time in a simple visual reaction time task. Proceedings of Physiological Society of Sri Lanka: Annual Sessions 2004. Sri Lanka.

  22. A study on visual reaction time of male badminton and table tennis players, and the effect of warm-up on reaction time. Proceedings of Annual Research Sessions of Kandy Society of Medicine 2003.

  23. Cognitive processing time in a simple visual reaction time task. Proceedings of the Peradeniya University Research Sessions. Nov 2004. 9:98.
 
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